Time and Citation Networks

Citation networks emerge from a number of different social systems, such as academia (from published papers), business (through patents) and law (through legal judgements). A citation represents a transfer of information, and so studying the structure of the citation network will help us understand how knowledge is passed on. What distinguishes citation networks from other networks is time; documents can only cite older documents. We propose that existing network measures do not take account of the strong constraint imposed by time. We will illustrate our approach with two types of causally aware analysis. We apply our methods to the citation networks formed by academic papers on the arXiv, to US patents and to US Supreme Court judgements. We show that our tools can reveal that citation networks which appear to have very similar structure by standard network measures turn out to have significantly different properties. We interpret our results as indicating that many papers in a bibliography were not directly relevant to the work and that we can provide a simple indicator of the important citations. We suggest our methods may highlight papers which are of more interest for interdisciplinary research. We also quantify differences in the diversity of research directions of different fields. Background Bibliometrics has a long tradition of dealing with citation networks from a network point of view as Price’s model (Price 1965) shows. The recent explosion of interest in network analysis in other fields has led to development of existing methods and introduced many new techniques. However most network methods assume static graphs where time plays no explicit role even if the underlying data is almost always evolving. Time can be incorporated into a network representation in two main ways. If we assign a single time to each edge we have a Temporal Edge Network. Such networks have received considerable attention (Holme & Saramäki, 2012). For instance they form a useful representation for the pattern of communications between individuals. Alternatively in Temporal Vertex Networks each node carries a single time. The citation network provides a natural example of the latter as each paper has its publication date. Here then we will focus on the analysis of this second type of temporal network, using the bibliometric context of citation networks to motivate our work. The causal structure of citations plays a central role in bibliometric analyses. At the simplest level understanding the different time scales for citation patterns seen in different research fields is known to be essential. In Price’s model (Price, 1965) vertices appear in a fixed order, reflecting the order of publication of real citation networks. Price’s model captures the essential nature of a citation; they are always from newer to older papers. Applying Price’s growing network model to other contexts where time plays a different role makes no sense e.g. links between web pages are not constrained by the age of a web site. The constraints imposed by time are very different from the spatial constraints. Network science has few tools specifically developed to work with temporal vertex networks. However as part of our work we adapt results found in other areas: discrete mathematics, quantum gravity, and in computer science. Bibliometrics asks very different questions about such networks so applying these ideas is not always straightforward. Our hypothesis is that existing network measures do not account for the constraint of time. So we have embarked on a programme to develop new temporally aware network measures and to prove their utility in the context of citation networks. 1 In “Proceedings of ISSI 2015 Istanbul: 15th International Society of Scientometrics and Informetrics Conference, Istanbul, Turkey, 29 June to 3 July, 2015”, arXiv:yymm:nnnnn, Imperial/TP/15/TSE/1. Slides of the associated talk are available from http://dx.doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.1464980 .